Works Cited
Primary Sources
Blaisdell, Robert, ed. Great Speeches by Native Americans. Mineola: Dover, 2000. Print. This source
is from a book with many famous speeches from Native Americans. The book had the testimony of
Standing Bear. It was useful because it gave a perception of what happened through the eyes of
Standing Bear. This is a primary source because the words are the exact words Standing Bear
used. There was also a summary which gave a bit of background information about the topic.
"The Case of the Poncas." New York Times [New York] 3 Aug. 1879: n. pag. Print. This source is a
newspaper article from August third, 1879, which was while the case was going on. The
information is completely reliable, as it was written during the tine if the turning point. The
perspective of the writing comes from the New York Times and is not biased, as the author was
not trying to favor either side of the case. The knowledge level is high for this writing, as
the reader needs to be well informed on the topic prior to reading this newspaper article. This
source was very useful to our project, as it gave us great details on the case from the time,
as it is a primary source.
"Crook." Nebraska Studies. Nebraska State Historical Society, n.d. Web. 9 Jan. 2013.
<http://contentdm.unl.edu/cdm/ref/collection/nebraskastu/id/17115>. This is a picture of
General George Crook on a horse. It is a primary source. This source is a reliable source
because the website I got it off of is organization from Nebraska that talks about the history
of Nebraska. The Nebraska State Historical Society is in part with the website and they are a
notable and well known group.
Dundy, Elmer. "Standing Bear v. Crook." The Native American Experience. Woodbridge, CT: Primary
Source Media, 1999. American Journey. Gale U.S. History In Context. Web. 4 Jan. 2013. This is a
primary source from Judge Elmer Dundy. This is his final ruling over the Standing Bear v. Crook
trial. It has many good details about the outcome of the trial and how it can be argued to be a
turning point in American history. It was found on the Gale U.S. History In Context Database.
"J.L.Webster." NebraskaStudies.Org. Nebraska State Historical Society, n.d. Web. 4 Feb. 2013.
<http://contentdm.unl.edu/cdm/singleitem/collection/nebraskastu/id/17112/rec/10>. This is
a picture of J.L. Webster, one of Standing Bear's lawyers. This is a primary source. It is
published by the Nebraska State Historical Society, a very reliable source. The image was used
to show who represented Standing Bear in his trial.
"Judge Elmer Dundy." Nebraska Studies. Nebraska State Historical Society, n.d. Web. 9 Jan. 2013.
<http://contentdm.unl.edu/cdm/ref/collection/nebraskastu/id/14432>. This is a photo of
Judge Elmer Dundy. It is a primary source from the Nebraska State Historical Society. I found
this photo on a website. The Nebraska State Historical Society backs this source to be primary.
It is not from the trial, but it can be used on our website to help show who took place in the
trial.
"Last Sun Dance of the Ponca." The Native American Experience. Woodbridge, CT: Primary Source Media,
2010. American Journey. Gale U.S. History In Context. Web. 27 Jan. 2013. This is a picture of
the Ponca performing the sun dance ritual. It is a primary source image from 1883. It will be a
useful image to show in the website about who the Ponca were. It is from the Gale U.S. History
In Context. It was described by them as a primary source. I believe that this database is a
reliable database.
"The Poncas Victorious." New York Times [New York] 14 May 1879: n. pag. Print. This source was
another newspaper article written during the time of Standing Bear's trial. This article is
from May 14 of 1879 and is very reliable, as once again it is a source that was written during
the time of Standing Bear vs General Crook's case. The perspective comes from a writer for the
New York Times and is not biased, as this author had no intention of persuading his readers
into taking a side on the case. For one to completely understand this source, one would require
prior knowledge about this topic. The article was very useful to my group in the long run
because it gave great primary details on the case form the time period.
"Portrait of Chief Mo-Chu-Non-Zhin(Standing Bear)." Cowboy&Indian. N.p., n.d. Web. 25 Jan. 2013.
<http://www.cowboysindians.com/Cowboys-Indians/September-2009/
Chief-Standing-Bear-the-best-true-story-author-Joe-Starita-has-ever-heard/>. This source is
a picture of Standing Bear of the Ponca tribe. He is the main focus of this project and is the
one who was granted the rights under the 14th amendment. This source is a primary one because
it was taken of Standing Bear and is not a drawing or anything else. Since it is primary it is
very reliable. This photo has no bias or point of view because it is a picture.
"Portrait of Standing Bear with His Rifle and Bear Teeth Necklace." Nebraska Studies. Nebraska State
Historical Society, n.d. Web. 9 Jan. 2013. <http://contentdm.unl.edu/cdm/ref/collection/
nebraskastu/id/17153>. This is a picture of Standing Bear. It is from a website published by
the Nebraska State Historical Society. They are a reliable source to get information because
the are notable and well-known. The photo is not from the trial, but it is a primary source
from the time period.
"Standing Bear." The Native American Experience. Woodbridge, CT: Primary Source Media, 2010.
American Journey. Gale U.S. History In Context. Web. 4 Jan. 2013. This is a picture of Standing
Bear. This is a primary source. It is from the Native American Experience. I found it on the
Gale U.S. History In Context Database. It shows a close up picture of Standing Bear that can be
used on our website.
"The Wrongs of the Poncas." New York Times [New York] 22 Sept. 1879: n. pag. Print. This primary
source is a newspaper article that was written in the New York Times in 1879. This article has
some bias towards the United States becuase it was written in a American newspaper. We used
this article to help us with information about the case as well as getting some good quotes
said by Thomas Tibbles, the lawyer of Standing Bear. This article is reliable although it has
bias becuase it has accurate facts that have shown up with other sources that we have seen.
This source overall is a good, quality, primary source that helped us in our website.
is from a book with many famous speeches from Native Americans. The book had the testimony of
Standing Bear. It was useful because it gave a perception of what happened through the eyes of
Standing Bear. This is a primary source because the words are the exact words Standing Bear
used. There was also a summary which gave a bit of background information about the topic.
"The Case of the Poncas." New York Times [New York] 3 Aug. 1879: n. pag. Print. This source is a
newspaper article from August third, 1879, which was while the case was going on. The
information is completely reliable, as it was written during the tine if the turning point. The
perspective of the writing comes from the New York Times and is not biased, as the author was
not trying to favor either side of the case. The knowledge level is high for this writing, as
the reader needs to be well informed on the topic prior to reading this newspaper article. This
source was very useful to our project, as it gave us great details on the case from the time,
as it is a primary source.
"Crook." Nebraska Studies. Nebraska State Historical Society, n.d. Web. 9 Jan. 2013.
<http://contentdm.unl.edu/cdm/ref/collection/nebraskastu/id/17115>. This is a picture of
General George Crook on a horse. It is a primary source. This source is a reliable source
because the website I got it off of is organization from Nebraska that talks about the history
of Nebraska. The Nebraska State Historical Society is in part with the website and they are a
notable and well known group.
Dundy, Elmer. "Standing Bear v. Crook." The Native American Experience. Woodbridge, CT: Primary
Source Media, 1999. American Journey. Gale U.S. History In Context. Web. 4 Jan. 2013. This is a
primary source from Judge Elmer Dundy. This is his final ruling over the Standing Bear v. Crook
trial. It has many good details about the outcome of the trial and how it can be argued to be a
turning point in American history. It was found on the Gale U.S. History In Context Database.
"J.L.Webster." NebraskaStudies.Org. Nebraska State Historical Society, n.d. Web. 4 Feb. 2013.
<http://contentdm.unl.edu/cdm/singleitem/collection/nebraskastu/id/17112/rec/10>. This is
a picture of J.L. Webster, one of Standing Bear's lawyers. This is a primary source. It is
published by the Nebraska State Historical Society, a very reliable source. The image was used
to show who represented Standing Bear in his trial.
"Judge Elmer Dundy." Nebraska Studies. Nebraska State Historical Society, n.d. Web. 9 Jan. 2013.
<http://contentdm.unl.edu/cdm/ref/collection/nebraskastu/id/14432>. This is a photo of
Judge Elmer Dundy. It is a primary source from the Nebraska State Historical Society. I found
this photo on a website. The Nebraska State Historical Society backs this source to be primary.
It is not from the trial, but it can be used on our website to help show who took place in the
trial.
"Last Sun Dance of the Ponca." The Native American Experience. Woodbridge, CT: Primary Source Media,
2010. American Journey. Gale U.S. History In Context. Web. 27 Jan. 2013. This is a picture of
the Ponca performing the sun dance ritual. It is a primary source image from 1883. It will be a
useful image to show in the website about who the Ponca were. It is from the Gale U.S. History
In Context. It was described by them as a primary source. I believe that this database is a
reliable database.
"The Poncas Victorious." New York Times [New York] 14 May 1879: n. pag. Print. This source was
another newspaper article written during the time of Standing Bear's trial. This article is
from May 14 of 1879 and is very reliable, as once again it is a source that was written during
the time of Standing Bear vs General Crook's case. The perspective comes from a writer for the
New York Times and is not biased, as this author had no intention of persuading his readers
into taking a side on the case. For one to completely understand this source, one would require
prior knowledge about this topic. The article was very useful to my group in the long run
because it gave great primary details on the case form the time period.
"Portrait of Chief Mo-Chu-Non-Zhin(Standing Bear)." Cowboy&Indian. N.p., n.d. Web. 25 Jan. 2013.
<http://www.cowboysindians.com/Cowboys-Indians/September-2009/
Chief-Standing-Bear-the-best-true-story-author-Joe-Starita-has-ever-heard/>. This source is
a picture of Standing Bear of the Ponca tribe. He is the main focus of this project and is the
one who was granted the rights under the 14th amendment. This source is a primary one because
it was taken of Standing Bear and is not a drawing or anything else. Since it is primary it is
very reliable. This photo has no bias or point of view because it is a picture.
"Portrait of Standing Bear with His Rifle and Bear Teeth Necklace." Nebraska Studies. Nebraska State
Historical Society, n.d. Web. 9 Jan. 2013. <http://contentdm.unl.edu/cdm/ref/collection/
nebraskastu/id/17153>. This is a picture of Standing Bear. It is from a website published by
the Nebraska State Historical Society. They are a reliable source to get information because
the are notable and well-known. The photo is not from the trial, but it is a primary source
from the time period.
"Standing Bear." The Native American Experience. Woodbridge, CT: Primary Source Media, 2010.
American Journey. Gale U.S. History In Context. Web. 4 Jan. 2013. This is a picture of Standing
Bear. This is a primary source. It is from the Native American Experience. I found it on the
Gale U.S. History In Context Database. It shows a close up picture of Standing Bear that can be
used on our website.
"The Wrongs of the Poncas." New York Times [New York] 22 Sept. 1879: n. pag. Print. This primary
source is a newspaper article that was written in the New York Times in 1879. This article has
some bias towards the United States becuase it was written in a American newspaper. We used
this article to help us with information about the case as well as getting some good quotes
said by Thomas Tibbles, the lawyer of Standing Bear. This article is reliable although it has
bias becuase it has accurate facts that have shown up with other sources that we have seen.
This source overall is a good, quality, primary source that helped us in our website.
Secondary Sources
"About the Ponca Tribe." Ponca Tribe of Nebraska. N.p., n.d. Web. 15 Jan. 2013.
<http://www.poncatribe-ne.org/about.php>. This source is a website that is the official
website of the Ponca tribe of Nebraska. The website is very reliable with its information
because it is owned by the tribe itself. Although this website has no specific author is still
comes off as reliable because of the fact that it is the tribes official website. The
perspective of the website is that of the tribes and could possibly be biased to the
information that the United States says about this case. The knowledge level for this website
is not very high on the topic because its purpose is to give the reader a brief overview of the
subject that they are looking at. The information on this site was useful but it was just a
vague overview of the topic. There were not enough details to really know the topic extremely
well.
"Habeas Corpus" ["That You Have a Body"]. Cornell University Law. Cornell University, 19 Aug. 2010.
Web. 27 Jan. 2013. <http://www.law.cornell.edu/wex/habeas_corpus>. This source is a
webpage from Cornell University Law School. This page talks about a law called habeas corpus.
This source is a reliable one because it comes from one of the top universities in the worlds
website. Since Cornell is such a prestigious school the information has to be very reliable and
accurate. We used this in our project to explain what habeas corpus is as well as saying why
they used it in the court case. We also used it to show some of significance that is had in the
outcome of the case itself. In this source is also sites dictionaries so the definition is
accurate for all readers.
Johnson, Michael. "Ponca." Encyclopedia of Native Tribes of North America. Edison: Chartwell Books,
1999. 132-33. Print. This source is a excerpt from a large encyclopedia about Native American
tribes. The source gave a lot of information about the Ponca tribe. This can be used to inform
a reader of the Ponca tribe before they get into reading about the trial.
"Map of Native Tribes of Nebraska." Native Languages of the Americas. N.p., n.d. Web. 4 Feb. 2013.
<http://www.native-languages.org/nebraska.htm>. This picture is a map splitting up
Nebraska into sections. These sections show the different tribes located in each one. We used
this picture to give a good idea of where in Nebraska the Ponca were located, how big their
land was, and who the surrounding tribes were.
"Missouri and Niobrara Rivers." Landsat TM Images. N.p., n.d. Web. 4 Feb. 2013.
<http://www.geospectra.net/lewis_cl/mo_river/mo_river.htm>. This is a picture of the
Missouri and Niobrara Rivers. The location of where these rivers intersect is in the location
of the Ponca Tribe of Nebraska. This picture was used to show the location of the Ponca Tribe.
"Nebraska’s Niobrara River." VisitUSA.com. N.p., n.d. Web. 4 Feb. 2013. <http://www.visitusa.com/
nebraska/photos/nebraska-rivers.htm>. A picture of the Niobrara River in Nebraska. This was
used to help show the location of the Ponca Tribe, since the Ponca were located to the north of
the river.
"The Ponca Tribe Historical Marker." Native American Tribal Information. N.p., n.d. Web. 4 Feb.
2013. <http://www.ygtu.com/Ponca-Tribe-of-Nebraska>. This is a picture of a historical
marker in Nebraska for the Ponca Tribe. It comes from a website that I don't have much
knowledge of but the image is a common image and I have seen it on many different websites.
Reilly, Hugh J. "Standing Bear v. Crook." Encyclopedia of American Indian History. Ed. Bruce E.
Johansen and Barry M. Pritzker. Vol. II. Santa Barbara: ABC-CLIO, 2008. 604-05. Print. This
source is from an encyclopedia. The information that was given in the book, talked about the
trial of Standing Bear vs General George Crook. The article describes the events that led up to
the trial. The main event leading up to the trial was when Standing Bear left the Indian
preservation to go bury his son. During the time which he left, America was moving lots of
Indian groups of their land in states
Roberts, Stephen. The Ideal Of Freedom. N.d. Photograph. This painting was painted by Stephen
Roberts. It is an image of Standing Bear and George Crook in the courtroom. We used it in our
project while giving an overview of the entire case, as we felt it necessary to give the reader
an idea of what the case may have looked like. The painting is reliable, as it was made shortly
after the case itself.
"Trail of Tears." NebraskaStudies.Org. Nebraska State Historical Society, n.d. Web. 4 Feb. 2013.
<http://www.nebraskastudies.org/0600/frameset_reset.html?http://www.nebraskastudies.org/0600/
stories/0601_0110.html>. This picture is a screenshot of a flash image on this website. The
flash image could not be moved so a screenshot was the best option. This picture shows the
Trail of Tears of the Ponca Tribe. It gives the viewer a good idea of how long the walk was. It
was put on the website by the Nebraska State Historical Society, so it is reliable.
"The Trial of Standing Bear." NebraskaStudies.Org. N.p., n.d. Web. 9 Jan. 2013.
<http://www.nebraskastudies.org/0600/frameset_reset.html?http://www.nebraskastudies.org/0600/
stories/0601_0110.html>. This source is one of which all the history included in it are from
the history of Nebraska. This source is reliable because it included primary sources and has
lots of information that is on other websites as well. There is no clear point of view from the
text that is written on the website. It favors neither the Ponca Tribe or the state of
Nebraska. It just gives the facts straight up. This source provided extensive information and
was very useful in the final product. It provided good information as well as good primary
sources and quotes.
Tribe Symbol Of the Ponca Tribe. N.d. Ponca Tribe of Nebraska. Web. 23 Jan. 2013.
<http://www.poncatribe-ne.org/about.php>. This picture is of the Ponca Tribe symbol. We
used it in our project while explaining the details about the tribe itself and felt it was
necessary show the viewer the logo used. It is a reliable image because it is from the official
website of the Ponca Tribe.
"The Wild Missouri at Niobrara State Park." Frances Hunter's American Heroes. N.p., n.d. Web. 4 Feb.
2013. <http://franceshunter.wordpress.com/2009/09/>. This is a picture of the Missouri
River from the Niobrara State Park. This park is located by the Niobrara River. The picture was
used to show the location of the Ponca Tribe.
Wise, Kathy. "Chief Standing Bear: the best true story author Joe Starita has ever heard."
Cowboys&Indians. N.p., Sept. 2009. Web. 25 Jan. 2013. <http://www.cowboysindians.com/
Cowboys-Indians/September-2009/
Chief-Standing-Bear-the-best-true-story-author-Joe-Starita-has-ever-heard/>. This source is
a wesbite that talks about a author who wrote a book about Standing Bear. In the intetrview it
talks about the content of what Stanidng Bear had to go through. The source is relaible becuase
the person who wrote the book used many priamry sources in his book. This article may have a
little bias towards the Ponca tribe becuase he seems to think that the Ponca are better than
the U.S. Overall this source is reliable and helped out in our national histiory day project.
<http://www.poncatribe-ne.org/about.php>. This source is a website that is the official
website of the Ponca tribe of Nebraska. The website is very reliable with its information
because it is owned by the tribe itself. Although this website has no specific author is still
comes off as reliable because of the fact that it is the tribes official website. The
perspective of the website is that of the tribes and could possibly be biased to the
information that the United States says about this case. The knowledge level for this website
is not very high on the topic because its purpose is to give the reader a brief overview of the
subject that they are looking at. The information on this site was useful but it was just a
vague overview of the topic. There were not enough details to really know the topic extremely
well.
"Habeas Corpus" ["That You Have a Body"]. Cornell University Law. Cornell University, 19 Aug. 2010.
Web. 27 Jan. 2013. <http://www.law.cornell.edu/wex/habeas_corpus>. This source is a
webpage from Cornell University Law School. This page talks about a law called habeas corpus.
This source is a reliable one because it comes from one of the top universities in the worlds
website. Since Cornell is such a prestigious school the information has to be very reliable and
accurate. We used this in our project to explain what habeas corpus is as well as saying why
they used it in the court case. We also used it to show some of significance that is had in the
outcome of the case itself. In this source is also sites dictionaries so the definition is
accurate for all readers.
Johnson, Michael. "Ponca." Encyclopedia of Native Tribes of North America. Edison: Chartwell Books,
1999. 132-33. Print. This source is a excerpt from a large encyclopedia about Native American
tribes. The source gave a lot of information about the Ponca tribe. This can be used to inform
a reader of the Ponca tribe before they get into reading about the trial.
"Map of Native Tribes of Nebraska." Native Languages of the Americas. N.p., n.d. Web. 4 Feb. 2013.
<http://www.native-languages.org/nebraska.htm>. This picture is a map splitting up
Nebraska into sections. These sections show the different tribes located in each one. We used
this picture to give a good idea of where in Nebraska the Ponca were located, how big their
land was, and who the surrounding tribes were.
"Missouri and Niobrara Rivers." Landsat TM Images. N.p., n.d. Web. 4 Feb. 2013.
<http://www.geospectra.net/lewis_cl/mo_river/mo_river.htm>. This is a picture of the
Missouri and Niobrara Rivers. The location of where these rivers intersect is in the location
of the Ponca Tribe of Nebraska. This picture was used to show the location of the Ponca Tribe.
"Nebraska’s Niobrara River." VisitUSA.com. N.p., n.d. Web. 4 Feb. 2013. <http://www.visitusa.com/
nebraska/photos/nebraska-rivers.htm>. A picture of the Niobrara River in Nebraska. This was
used to help show the location of the Ponca Tribe, since the Ponca were located to the north of
the river.
"The Ponca Tribe Historical Marker." Native American Tribal Information. N.p., n.d. Web. 4 Feb.
2013. <http://www.ygtu.com/Ponca-Tribe-of-Nebraska>. This is a picture of a historical
marker in Nebraska for the Ponca Tribe. It comes from a website that I don't have much
knowledge of but the image is a common image and I have seen it on many different websites.
Reilly, Hugh J. "Standing Bear v. Crook." Encyclopedia of American Indian History. Ed. Bruce E.
Johansen and Barry M. Pritzker. Vol. II. Santa Barbara: ABC-CLIO, 2008. 604-05. Print. This
source is from an encyclopedia. The information that was given in the book, talked about the
trial of Standing Bear vs General George Crook. The article describes the events that led up to
the trial. The main event leading up to the trial was when Standing Bear left the Indian
preservation to go bury his son. During the time which he left, America was moving lots of
Indian groups of their land in states
Roberts, Stephen. The Ideal Of Freedom. N.d. Photograph. This painting was painted by Stephen
Roberts. It is an image of Standing Bear and George Crook in the courtroom. We used it in our
project while giving an overview of the entire case, as we felt it necessary to give the reader
an idea of what the case may have looked like. The painting is reliable, as it was made shortly
after the case itself.
"Trail of Tears." NebraskaStudies.Org. Nebraska State Historical Society, n.d. Web. 4 Feb. 2013.
<http://www.nebraskastudies.org/0600/frameset_reset.html?http://www.nebraskastudies.org/0600/
stories/0601_0110.html>. This picture is a screenshot of a flash image on this website. The
flash image could not be moved so a screenshot was the best option. This picture shows the
Trail of Tears of the Ponca Tribe. It gives the viewer a good idea of how long the walk was. It
was put on the website by the Nebraska State Historical Society, so it is reliable.
"The Trial of Standing Bear." NebraskaStudies.Org. N.p., n.d. Web. 9 Jan. 2013.
<http://www.nebraskastudies.org/0600/frameset_reset.html?http://www.nebraskastudies.org/0600/
stories/0601_0110.html>. This source is one of which all the history included in it are from
the history of Nebraska. This source is reliable because it included primary sources and has
lots of information that is on other websites as well. There is no clear point of view from the
text that is written on the website. It favors neither the Ponca Tribe or the state of
Nebraska. It just gives the facts straight up. This source provided extensive information and
was very useful in the final product. It provided good information as well as good primary
sources and quotes.
Tribe Symbol Of the Ponca Tribe. N.d. Ponca Tribe of Nebraska. Web. 23 Jan. 2013.
<http://www.poncatribe-ne.org/about.php>. This picture is of the Ponca Tribe symbol. We
used it in our project while explaining the details about the tribe itself and felt it was
necessary show the viewer the logo used. It is a reliable image because it is from the official
website of the Ponca Tribe.
"The Wild Missouri at Niobrara State Park." Frances Hunter's American Heroes. N.p., n.d. Web. 4 Feb.
2013. <http://franceshunter.wordpress.com/2009/09/>. This is a picture of the Missouri
River from the Niobrara State Park. This park is located by the Niobrara River. The picture was
used to show the location of the Ponca Tribe.
Wise, Kathy. "Chief Standing Bear: the best true story author Joe Starita has ever heard."
Cowboys&Indians. N.p., Sept. 2009. Web. 25 Jan. 2013. <http://www.cowboysindians.com/
Cowboys-Indians/September-2009/
Chief-Standing-Bear-the-best-true-story-author-Joe-Starita-has-ever-heard/>. This source is
a wesbite that talks about a author who wrote a book about Standing Bear. In the intetrview it
talks about the content of what Stanidng Bear had to go through. The source is relaible becuase
the person who wrote the book used many priamry sources in his book. This article may have a
little bias towards the Ponca tribe becuase he seems to think that the Ponca are better than
the U.S. Overall this source is reliable and helped out in our national histiory day project.